PHS Desk 
Introduction Bureaucracy is an integral part of governance in any modern state, and India is no exception. As the administrative machinery of the government, the bureaucracy plays a crucial role in policy formulation, implementation, and public service delivery. In India, the bureaucracy is structured hierarchically, influenced by colonial legacies, and operates within a democratic framework. … Read more
Introduction Governments are structured in various ways to effectively administer laws, policies, and public services. Two critical levels of government in many countries—particularly those with federal systems—are the federal (national) government and local government. While both play essential roles in governance, they differ significantly in their scope, responsibilities, and authority. Understanding these differences is crucial in political science, … Read more
Introduction Public policy and law are two fundamental concepts in political science that shape governance, societal norms, and the functioning of the state. While they are closely related, they serve distinct purposes and operate differently within political systems. Understanding the differences between public policy and law is crucial for students of political science, policymakers, legal … Read more
Introduction Elections are the cornerstone of democratic governance, serving as the primary mechanism through which citizens express their political preferences and hold leaders accountable. In a democracy, elections ensure that power is transferred peacefully and that governments derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed. This article explores how elections function in democratic systems, … Read more
Introduction on What is Government? Government is a fundamental institution in any society, responsible for maintaining order, providing public services, and protecting citizens’ rights. In political science, the study of government involves analyzing its various forms, functions, and structures. Governments exist at different levels—local, regional, and national—and operate under different political systems. This article explores … Read more
Introduction on Liberal-Democratic Order The Constitution of India, adopted on 26th January 1950, is a remarkable document that establishes a liberal-democratic order, blending principles of liberalism and democracy within a framework that accommodates India’s socio-political diversity. As the world’s largest democracy, India’s constitutional structure reflects a commitment to individual rights, rule of law, representative governance, and social justice. This article examines … Read more
Introduction on Media and Public Opinion In modern democracies, the media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and political communication. Political communication refers to the exchange of information between political actors, the media, and the public, influencing political attitudes, behaviors, and decision-making processes. The media acts as an intermediary, framing political narratives, disseminating … Read more
Introduction Political communication is a fundamental aspect of political science that examines how information is created, disseminated, and interpreted within the political sphere. It encompasses the interactions between political actors, institutions, media, and the public, shaping political discourse, public opinion, and decision-making processes. Understanding the structures and actors involved in political communication is crucial for … Read more
Introduction on Conceptions of Power Power is one of the most fundamental and contested concepts in political science. It lies at the heart of political interactions, governance, and social structures. Scholars have long debated its nature, sources, and manifestations, leading to diverse conceptions that shape our understanding of authority, influence, and control in political systems. … Read more
Introduction Democracy, as a system of governance, has evolved over centuries, adapting to changing political, social, and economic conditions. Among the various models of democracy, developmental democracy and deliberative democracy stand out as significant theoretical frameworks that address different aspects of democratic governance. While developmental democracy emphasizes economic and social progress as key outcomes of democratic rule, deliberative democracy … Read more