Introduction Bureaucracy is an integral part of governance in any modern state, and India is no exception. As the administrative machinery of the government, the bureaucracy plays a crucial role in policy formulation, implementation, and public service delivery. In India, the bureaucracy is structured hierarchically, influenced by colonial legacies, and operates within a democratic framework. … Read more
Introduction Governments are structured in various ways to effectively administer laws, policies, and public services. Two critical levels of government in many countries—particularly those with federal systems—are the federal (national) government and local government. While both play essential roles in governance, they differ significantly in their scope, responsibilities, and authority. Understanding these differences is crucial in political science, … Read more
Introduction Public policy and law are two fundamental concepts in political science that shape governance, societal norms, and the functioning of the state. While they are closely related, they serve distinct purposes and operate differently within political systems. Understanding the differences between public policy and law is crucial for students of political science, policymakers, legal … Read more
Introduction Elections are the cornerstone of democratic governance, serving as the primary mechanism through which citizens express their political preferences and hold leaders accountable. In a democracy, elections ensure that power is transferred peacefully and that governments derive their legitimacy from the consent of the governed. This article explores how elections function in democratic systems, … Read more
Introduction on What is Government? Government is a fundamental institution in any society, responsible for maintaining order, providing public services, and protecting citizens’ rights. In political science, the study of government involves analyzing its various forms, functions, and structures. Governments exist at different levels—local, regional, and national—and operate under different political systems. This article explores … Read more
Introduction Michel Foucault (1926–1984) was a French philosopher and social theorist whose work has profoundly influenced contemporary political science, sociology, and critical theory. Unlike traditional theories of power that focus on sovereignty, state control, or class domination (as in Marx or Weber), he offers a radically different perspective. For Foucault, power is not merely repressive … Read more
Introduction Democracy, as a system of governance, has evolved over centuries, adapting to changing political, social, and economic conditions. Among the various models of democracy, developmental democracy and deliberative democracy stand out as significant theoretical frameworks that address different aspects of democratic governance. While developmental democracy emphasizes economic and social progress as key outcomes of democratic rule, deliberative democracy … Read more
Introduction on Direct and Indirect Forms of Democracy The word democracy, which comes from the Greek words demos (people) and kratos (rule), refers to a form of governance in which the people themselves have the power. It is among the most popular and well-liked systems of government in the contemporary world. Democracy can be broadly … Read more